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Oracle Database provides a rich set of default security features to manage user accounts, authentication, privileges, application security, encryption, network traffic, and auditing.

• About Oracle Database Security
  You can use the default Oracle Database features to configure security in several areas for your Oracle Database installation.
• Additional Oracle Database Security Resources
  In addition to the security resources that are available in a default database installation, Oracle Database provides several other database security products.

About Oracle Database Security

You can use the default Oracle Database features to configure security in several areas for your Oracle Database installation.

The areas in which you can configure security are as follows:

• User accounts. When you create user accounts, you can secure them in a variety of ways. You can also create password profiles to better secure password policies for your site. Managing Security for Oracle Database Users, describes how to manage user accounts.

• Authentication methods. Oracle Database provides several ways to configure authentication for users and database administrators. For example, you can authenticate users on the database level, from the operating system, and on the network. Configuring Authentication, describes how authentication in Oracle Database works.

• Privileges and roles. You can use privileges and roles to restrict user access to data. The following chapters describe how to manage privileges and roles:

• Application security. The first step to creating a database application is to ensure that it is properly secure. Managing Security for Application Developers, discusses how to incorporate application security into your application security policies.

• User session information using application context. An application context is a name-value pair that holds the session information. You can retrieve session information about a user, such as the user name or terminal, and restrict database and application access for that user based on this information. Using Application Contexts to Retrieve User Information, describes how to use application contexts.

• Database access on the row and column level using Virtual Private Database. A Virtual Private Database policy dynamically imbeds a WHERE predicate into SQL statements the user issues. Using Oracle Virtual Private Database to Control Data Access, describes how to create and manage Virtual Private Database policies.

• Classify and protect data in different categories. You can find all table columns in a database that hold sensitive data (such as credit card or Social Security numbers), classify this data, and then create a policy that protects this data as a whole for a given class. Using Transparent Sensitive Data Protection, explains how to create Transparent Sensitive Data Protection policies.

• Network data encryption.Manually Encrypting Data, explains how to use the DBMS_CRYPTO PL/SQL package to encrypt data as it travels on the network to prevent unauthorized access to that data. You can configure native Oracle Net Services data encryption and integrity for both servers and clients, which are described in Configuring Oracle Database Native Network Encryption and Data Integrity.

• Thin JDBC client network configuration. You can configure thin Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) clients to securely connect to Oracle databases. Configuring the Thin JDBC Client Network, provides detailed information.

• Strong authentication. You can configure your databases to use strong authentication with Oracle authentication adapters that support various third-party authentication services, including SSL with digital certificates. Oracle Database provides the following strong authentication support:

  • Centralized authentication and single sign-on.

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  • Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS)

  • Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

  The following chapters cover strong authentication:

• Auditing database activities. You can audit database activities in general terms, such as auditing all SQL statements, SQL privileges, schema objects, and network activity. Or, you can audit in a granular manner, such as when the IP addresses from outside the corporate network is being used. This chapter also explains how to purge the database audit trail. The following chapters describe how to configure and administer database auditing.

In addition, Keeping Your Oracle Database Secure, provides guidelines that you should follow when you secure your Oracle Database installation.

Parent topic:Introduction to Oracle Database Security

Additional Oracle Database Security Resources

In addition to the security resources that are available in a default database installation, Oracle Database provides several other database security products.

These products are as follows:

• Oracle Advanced Security. See Oracle Database Advanced Security Guide for information about Transparent Data Encryption and Oracle Data Redaction.

• Oracle Label Security. Oracle Label Security applies classification labels to data, allowing you to filter user access to data at the row level. See Oracle Label Security Administrator's Guide for detailed information about Oracle Label Security.

• Oracle Database Vault. Oracle Database Vault provides fine-grained access control to your sensitive data, including protecting data from privileged users. Oracle Database Vault Administrator's Guide describes how to use Oracle Database Vault.

• Oracle Enterprise User Security. Oracle Enterprise User Security enables you to manage user security at the enterprise level. Oracle Database Enterprise User Security Administrator's Guide explains how to configure Oracle Enterprise User Security.

• Oracle Enterprise Manager Data Masking and Subsetting Pack. Data Masking and Subsetting Pack helps reduce this risk by irreversibly replacing the original sensitive data with fictitious data so that production data can be shared safely with IT developers or offshore business partners. See Oracle Database Testing Guide for additional information.

• Oracle Audit Vault and Database Firewall. Oracle Audit Vault and Database Firewall collects database audit data from sources such as Oracle Database audit trail tables, database operating system audit files, and database redo logs. Using Oracle Audit Vault and Database Firewall, you can create alerts on suspicious activities, and create reports on the history of privileged user changes, schema modifications, and even data-level access.

• Oracle Key Vault. Oracle Key Vault enables you to accelerate security and encryption deployments by centrally managing encryption keys, Oracle wallets, Java keystores, and credential files. It is optimized for Oracle wallets, Java keystores, and Oracle Advanced Security Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) master keys. Oracle Key Vault supports the OASIS KMIP standard. The full-stack, security-hardened software appliance uses Oracle Linux and Oracle Database technology for security, availability, and scalability, and can be deployed on your choice of compatible hardware.

In addition to these products, you can find the latest information about Oracle Database security, such as new products and important information about security patches and alerts, by visiting the Security Technology Center on Oracle Technology Network at

Parent topic:Introduction to Oracle Database Security

• Oracle Advanced Security. See Oracle Database Advanced Security Guide for information about Transparent Data Encryption and Oracle Data Redaction.

• Oracle Label Security. Oracle Label Security applies classification labels to data, allowing you to filter user access to data at the row level. See Oracle Label Security Administrator's Guide for detailed information about Oracle Label Security.

• Oracle Database Vault. Oracle Database Vault provides fine-grained access control to your sensitive data, including protecting data from privileged users. Oracle Database Vault Administrator's Guide describes how to use Oracle Database Vault.

• Oracle Enterprise User Security. Oracle Enterprise User Security enables you to manage user security at the enterprise level. Oracle Database Enterprise User Security Administrator's Guide explains how to configure Oracle Enterprise User Security.

• Oracle Enterprise Manager Data Masking and Subsetting Pack. Data Masking and Subsetting Pack helps reduce this risk by irreversibly replacing the original sensitive data with fictitious data so that production data can be shared safely with IT developers or offshore business partners. See Oracle Database Testing Guide for additional information.

• Oracle Audit Vault and Database Firewall. Oracle Audit Vault and Database Firewall collects database audit data from sources such as Oracle Database audit trail tables, database operating system audit files, and database redo logs. Using Oracle Audit Vault and Database Firewall, you can create alerts on suspicious activities, and create reports on the history of privileged user changes, schema modifications, and even data-level access.

• Oracle Key Vault. Oracle Key Vault enables you to accelerate security and encryption deployments by centrally managing encryption keys, Oracle wallets, Java keystores, and credential files. It is optimized for Oracle wallets, Java keystores, and Oracle Advanced Security Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) master keys. Oracle Key Vault supports the OASIS KMIP standard. The full-stack, security-hardened software appliance uses Oracle Linux and Oracle Database technology for security, availability, and scalability, and can be deployed on your choice of compatible hardware.

In addition to these products, you can find the latest information about Oracle Database security, such as new products and important information about security patches and alerts, by visiting the Security Technology Center on Oracle Technology Network at

Parent topic:Introduction to Oracle Database Security

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Security and protection system, any of various means or devices designed to guard persons and property against a broad range of hazards, including crime, fire, accidents, espionage, sabotage, subversion, and attack.

Most security and protection systems emphasize certain hazards more than others. In a retail store, for example, the principal security concerns are shoplifting and employee dishonesty (e.g., pilferage, embezzlement, and fraud). A typical set of categories to be protected includes the personal safety of people in the organization, such as employees, customers, or residents; tangible property, such as the plant, equipment, finished products, cash, and securities; and intangible property, such as highly classified national-security information or 'proprietary' information (e.g., trade secrets) of private organizations. An important distinction between a security and protection system and public services such as police and fire departments is that the former employs means that emphasize passive and preventive measures.

Security systems are found in a wide variety of organizations, ranging from government agencies and industrial plants to apartment buildings and schools. Sufficiently large organizations may have their own proprietary security systems or may purchase security services by contract from specialized security organizations.

Development of security systems.

The origins of security systems are obscure, but techniques for protecting the household, such as the use of locks and barred windows, are very ancient. As civilizations developed, the distinction between passive and active security was recognized, and responsibility for active security measures was vested in police and fire-fighting agencies.

By the mid-19th century, private organizations such as those of Philip Sorensen in Sweden and Allan Pinkerton in the United States had also begun to build efficient large-scale security services. Pinkerton's organization offered intelligence, counterintelligence, internal security, investigative, and law enforcement services to private business and government. Until the advent of collective bargaining in the United States, strikebreaking was also a prime concern. The Sorensen organization, in contrast, moved toward a loss-control service for industry. It provided personnel trained to prevent and deal with losses from crime, fire, accident, and flood and established the pattern for security services in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in western Europe.

World Wars I and II brought an increased awareness of security systems as a means of protection against military espionage, sabotage, and subversion; such programs in effect became part of a country's national-security system. After World War II much of this apparatus was retained as a result of international tensions and defense-production programs and became part of an increasingly professionalized complex of security functions.

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The development and diffusion of security systems and hardware in various parts of the world has been an uneven process. In relatively underdeveloped countries, or the underdeveloped parts of recently industrializing countries, security technology generally exists in rudimentary form, such as barred windows, locks, and elementary personnel security measures. In many such regions, however, facilities of large international corporations and sensitive government installations employ sophisticated equipment and techniques.

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Since the 1960s, crime-related security systems have grown especially rapidly in most countries. Among contributing factors have been the increase in number of security-sensitive businesses; development of new security functions, such as protection of proprietary information; increasing computerization of sensitive information subject to unique vulnerabilities; improved reporting of crime and consequent wider awareness; and the need in many countries for security against violent demonstrations, bombings, and hijackings.

Security systems are becoming increasingly automated, particularly in sensing and communicating hazards and vulnerabilities. This situation is true in both crime-related applications, such as intrusion-detection devices, and fire-protection alarm and response (extinguishing) systems. Advances in miniaturization and electronics are reflected in security equipment that is smaller, more reliable, and more easily installed and maintained.

Types of security systems.

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Security systems can be classified by type of production enterprise, such as industrial, retail (commercial), governmental, government contractor, or hospital; by type of organization, such as contract security or proprietary; by type of security process, such as personnel or physical security; or by type of security function or emphasis, such as plant protection (variously defined), theft control, fire protection, accident prevention, protection of sensitive (national security or business proprietary) information. Some of these categories obviously overlap.

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Security for small businesses constitutes a special situation. Because small firms cannot afford specialized proprietary security staffs, measures must be incorporated into regular routines and staff training or be purchased from outside organizations. Theft, both internal and external, is a prime concern.

Residential security constitutes another special category. Sizable housing or apartment complexes, especially if under one management, can employ sophisticated security measures, including, for example, closed-circuit television monitoring of elevators and hallways and trained security guards. Relatively simple equipment for houses or small apartment buildings, as, for example, exterior lighting and alarms, is increasingly used. Some neighbourhoods of large cities cooperatively employ patrol services or organize resident volunteer patrols.

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